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Benjamin W. Purow

Benjamin W. Purow

Professor, Neurology

Primary Location
PO Box 800394
21 Hospital Drive, Old Medical School, Room 4881
Charlottesville, Va 22908
Primary Phone Number
434.924.5545
Fax Number
434.982.4467
Email
[email protected]

Bio & Overview

The Purow laboratory is dedicated to developing innovative approaches to treating not only brain tumors but cancer as a whole. We have focused now and in recent years on the following areas: --We have shown that a pathway important in stem cells, called the Notch pathway, is a potential target for gliomas, the most common and lethal brain tumors. We have further demonstrated that a class of drugs in clinical trials for other functions also acts to inhibit Notch. --microRNAs are small RNA molecules that are found throughout our DNA but that are not used to generate proteins. They do, however, play powerful roles in regulating expression of genes that do code for proteins, and have been found to be important in almost every area in biology—including cancer. We have found a number of microRNAs that can promote or suppress survival in glioblastoma, the most aggressive gliomas. Delivery of tumor-suppressive microRNAs is showing potential to treat brain tumors in our mouse models, and we hope to eventually move these studies forward to clinical trials. --In a project arising from our microRNA work, we have shown that a protein called DGKalpha is a promising cancer target in brain cancers but also in other cancers as well. Our first paper on this was recently published in Cancer Discovery. DGKalpha inhibition appears to have exciting potential to boost the effects of other anti-cancer therapies, such as radiation and possibly immunotherapy as well. Chemical blockers of this protein already exist, and we have identified a nearly identical compound that has already been found safe in clinical trials in people as a psychiatric medication. We have confirmed that this compound also functions as a DGKalpha inhibitor, potentially allowing this strategy to proceed rapidly to clinical trials in patients. --In the same vein of repurposing old drugs, we are also investigating anti-cancer functions of medications approved for other indications. These studies could allow rapid translation to patients in the clinic. In one such project in the early stages, we have followed leads from the recently-released online database CellMiner to show that a widely-used class of medications effectively inhibits the TGF-beta signaling pathway, and appears particularly toxic to cancer cells with a more mesenchymal phenotype.

Academic Information

Department
Neurology
Academic Title
Professor

Primary Education

  • BA, Chemistry and Physics, Harvard University-Cambridge, MA, 1991
  • MD, Medicine, Johns Hopkins University-Baltimore, MD, 1996

Other Appointments

  • Professor, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
  • Pathology
  • Professor, Medicine- Hematology and Oncology
  • Professor, Neuroscience

Other Affiliations

  • Member, Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics Program
  • MSTP
  • Associate Professor, BIMS

Research Interests

Novel therapeutic approaches to brain cancers and to other neurologic diseases

Research Disciplines

  • Biotechnology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Translational Science

Research Opportunities

  • Biotechnology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroscience

PhD Programs

  • Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics
  • Experimental Pathology
  • Neuroscience

Selected Publications

2024

Yadav, N., & Purow, B. W. (2024). Understanding current experimental models of glioblastoma-brain microenvironment interactions. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 166(2), 213-229. doi:10.1007/s11060-023-04536-8

2022

Cornelison, R. C., Yuan, J. X., Tate, K. M., Petrosky, A., Beeghly, G. F., Bloomfield, M., . . . Munson, J. M. (2022). A patient-designed tissue-engineered model of the infiltrative glioblastoma microenvironment. NPJ PRECISION ONCOLOGY, 6(1). doi:10.1038/s41698-022-00290-8

Yogendran, L. V., Kalelioglu, T., Donahue, J. H., Ahmad, H., Phillips, K. A., Calautti, N. M., . . . Fadul, C. E. (2022). The landscape of brain tumor mimics in neuro-oncology practice. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 159(3), 499-508. doi:10.1007/s11060-022-04087-4

Purow, B. (2022). ONC201 and ONC206: Metabolically ClipPing the wings of diffuse midline glioma. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 24(9), 1452-1453. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noac103

Purow, B. (2022). Delivering Glioblastoma a Kick-DGKα Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for GBM. CANCERS, 14(5). doi:10.3390/cancers14051269

Granade, M. E., Manigat, L. C., Lemke, M. C., Purow, B. W., & Harris, T. E. (2022). Identification of ritanserin analogs that display DGK isoform specificity. BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 197. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114908

2021

Noffsinger, B., Witter, A., Sheybani, N., Xiao, A., Manigat, L., Zhong, Q., . . . Purow, B. (2021). Technical choices significantly alter the adaptive immune response against immunocompetent murine gliomas in a model-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 154(2), 145-157. doi:10.1007/s11060-021-03822-7

Purow, B. (2021). Cannabinoids and NF-κB: Hijacking a pro-cancer signal Can Be Done. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 23(11), 1810-1811. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab187

Day, E. K., Zhong, Q., Purow, B., & Lazzara, M. J. (2021). Data-Driven Computational Modeling Identifies Determinants of Glioblastoma Response to SHP2 Inhibition. CANCER RESEARCH, 81(8), 2056-2070. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-1756

Manigat, L. C., Granade, M. E., Taori, S., Miller, C. A., Vass, L. R., Zhong, X. -P., . . . Purow, B. W. (2021). Loss of Diacylglycerol Kinase α Enhances Macrophage Responsiveness. FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, 12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.722469

2020

Bronisz, A., Rooj, A. K., Krawczynski, K., Peruzzi, P., Salinska, E., Nakano, I., . . . Godlewski, J. (2020). The nuclear DICER-circular RNA complex drives the deregulation of the glioblastoma cell microRNAome. SCIENCE ADVANCES, 6(51). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc0221

Silvestre, J., Gosse, T., Read, P., Gentzler, R., Purow, B., Asthagiri, A., . . . Fadul, C. E. (2021). Genesis of Quality Measurements to Improve the Care Delivered to Patients With Brain Metastases. JCO ONCOLOGY PRACTICE, 17(3), 146-+. doi:10.1200/OP.20.00233

Day, E. K., Sosale, N. G., Xiao, A., Zhong, Q., Purow, B., & Lazzara, M. J. (2020). Glioblastoma Cell Resistance to EGFR and MET Inhibition Can Be Overcome via Blockade of FGFR-SPRY2 Bypass Signaling. CELL REPORTS, 30(10), 3383-+. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.014

2019

Mead, B. P., Curley, C. T., Kim, N., Negron, K., Garrison, W. J., Song, J., . . . Price, R. J. (2019). Focused Ultrasound Preconditioning for Augmented Nanoparticle Penetration and Efficacy in the Central Nervous System. SMALL, 15(49). doi:10.1002/smll.201903460

Ahmad, H., Martin, D., Patel, S. H., Donahue, J., Lopes, B., Purow, B., . . . Fadul, C. E. (2019). Oligodendroglioma confers higher risk of radiation necrosis. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 145(2), 309-319. doi:10.1007/s11060-019-03297-7

Miller, T. W., Traphagen, N. A., Li, J., Lewis, L. D., Lopes, B., Asthagiri, A., . . . Fadul, C. E. (2019). Tumor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 144(3), 563-572. doi:10.1007/s11060-019-03258-0

Ahmad, H., Fadul, C. E., Schiff, D., & Purow, B. (2019). Checkpoint inhibitor failure in hypermutated and mismatch repair-mutated recurrent high-grade gliomas. NEURO-ONCOLOGY PRACTICE, 6(6), 424-427. doi:10.1093/nop/npz016

Xiao, A., Brenneman, B., Floyd, D., Comeau, L., Spurio, K., Olmez, I., . . . Purow, B. (2019). Statins affect human glioblastoma and other cancers through TGF-β inhibition.. Oncotarget, 10(18), 1716-1728. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26733

Abounader, R., Wick, W., Purow, B., Huse, J., & Gerstner, E. (2019). Highlights from the Literature. Neuro-Oncology, 21(2), 148-150. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noz008

2018

Zhang, Y., Kim, J., Mueller, A. C., Dey, B., Yang, Y., Lee, D. -H., . . . Abounader, R. (2019). Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases converge on microRNA-134 to control KRAS, STAT5B, and glioblastoma (vol 21, pg 720, 2014). CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION, 26(1), 197. doi:10.1038/s41418-018-0145-0

Olmez, I., Zhang, Y., Manigat, L., Benamar, M., Brenneman, B., Nakano, I., . . . Purow, B. (2018). Combined c-Met/Trk Inhibition Overcomes Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Glioblastoma. CANCER RESEARCH, 78(15), 4360-4369. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3124

Sun, L., Yu, S., Xu, H., Zheng, Y., Lin, J., Wu, M., . . . Li, M. (2018). FHL2 interacts with EGFR to promote glioblastoma growth. ONCOGENE, 37(10), 1386-1398. doi:10.1038/s41388-017-0068-0

2017

Viapiano, M., Bhat, K., Abounader, R., Wright, K., Wick, W., & Purow, B. (2017). Highlights from the Literature. Neuro-Oncology, 19(12), 1572-1575. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox200

McCloud, R. L., Franks, C. E., Campbell, S. T., Purow, B. W., Harris, T. E., & Hsu, K. -L. (2018). Deconstructing Lipid Kinase Inhibitors by Chemical Proteomics. BIOCHEMISTRY, 57(2), 231-236. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00962

Abounader, R., Wright, K., Bhat, K., Chamberlain, M., Purow, B., & Soffietti, R. (2017). Highlights from the Literature. Neuro-Oncology, 19(10), 1294-1297. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox157

Olmez, I., Brenneman, B., Xiao, A., Serbulea, V., Benamar, M., Zhang, Y., . . . Purow, B. (2017). Combined CDK4/6 and mTOR Inhibition Is Synergistic against Glioblastoma via Multiple Mechanisms. CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH, 23(22), 6958-6968. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0803

Aldape, K., Abounader, R., Bhat, K., Soffietti, R., Purow, B., & Huse, J. (2017). Highlights from the Literature. Neuro-Oncology, 19(8), 1021-1024. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox114

Bhere, D., Tamura, K., Wakimoto, H., Choi, S. H., Purow, B., Debatisse, J., & Shah, K. (2018). microRNA-7 upregulates death receptor 5 and primes resistant brain tumors to caspase-mediated apoptosis. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 20(2), 215-224. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox138

Li, M., Xiao, A., Floyd, D., Olmez, I., Lee, J., Godlewski, J., . . . Purow, B. (2017). CDK4/6 inhibition is more active against the glioblastoma proneural subtype.. Oncotarget, 8(33), 55319-55331. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19429

Li, M., Xiao, A., Floyd, D., Olmez, I., Lee, J., Godlewski, J., . . . Purow, B. (2017). CDK4/6 inhibition is more active against the glioblastoma proneural subtype. ONCOTARGET, 8(33), 55319-55331. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19429

Franks, C. E., Campbell, S. T., Purow, B. W., Harris, T. E., & Hsu, K. -L. (2017). The Ligand Binding Landscape of Diacylglycerol Kinases. CELL CHEMICAL BIOLOGY, 24(7), 870-+. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.06.007

Olmez, I., Love, S., Xiao, A., Manigat, L., Randolph, P., McKenna, B. D., . . . Purow, B. (2018). Targeting the mesenchymal subtype in glioblastoma and other cancers via inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase alpha. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 20(2), 192-202. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox119

Bhere, D., Tamura, K., Purow, B., Debatisse, J., & Shah, K. (2017). Mesenchymal stem cells shuttle micrornas via extracellular vesicles and prime resistant GBM to caspase mediated apoptosis. Cytotherapy, 19(5), e4-e5. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.03.017

Pope, W., Huse, J., Abounader, R., Purow, B., Wick, W., & Aldape, K. (2017). Highlights from the Literature. Neuro-Oncology, 19(1), 9-11. doi:10.1093/neuonc/now280

2016

Reon, B. J., Anaya, J., Zhang, Y., Mandell, J., Purow, B., Abounader, R., & Dutta, A. (2016). Expression of lncRNAs in Low-Grade Gliomas and Glioblastoma Multiforme: An In Silico Analysis. PLOS MEDICINE, 13(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002192

Huse, J., Abounader, R., Purow, B., Hegi, M., Soffietti, R., & Aldape, K. (2016). Highlights from the Literature. Neuro-Oncology, 18(11), 1472-1474. doi:10.1093/neuonc/now215

Boroda, S., Niccum, M., Raje, V., Purow, B. W., & Harris, T. E. (2017). Dual activities of ritanserin and R59022 as DGKα inhibitors and serotonin receptor antagonists.. Biochemical pharmacology, 123, 29-39. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.011

Boroda, S., Niccum, M., Raje, V., Purow, B. W., & Harris, T. E. (2017). Dual activities of ritanserin and R59022 as DGKα inhibitors and serotonin receptor antagonists. BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 123, 29-39. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.011

Kingsmore, K. M., Logsdon, D. K., Floyd, D. H., Peirce, S. M., Purow, B. W., & Munson, J. M. (2016). Interstitial flow differentially increases patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell invasion via CXCR4, CXCL12, and CD44-mediated mechanisms. INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY, 8(12), 1246-1260. doi:10.1039/c6ib00167j

Purow, B. (2016). For glioma, a sweet side to diabetes. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 18(3), 306-307. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov328

Lan, Q., Wang, A., Cheng, Y., Mukasa, A., Ma, J., Hong, L., . . . Li, M. (2016). Guanylate binding protein-1 mediates EGFRvIII and promotes glioblastoma growth in vivo but not in vitro. ONCOTARGET, 7(9), 9680-9691. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7109

2015

Ngulde, S. I., Fezeu, F., Ramesh, A., Moosa, S., Purow, B., Lopez, B., . . . Sandabe, U. K. (2015). Improving Brain Tumor Research in Resource-Limited Countries: A Review of the Literature Focusing on West Africa. CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE, 7(11). doi:10.7759/cureus.372

Manigat, L., & Purow, B. (2015). DDEL-16SYNERGISTIC COMBINATION OF AN HDAC INHIBITOR (HDACi) AND A NOTCH INHIBITOR VERSUS GLIOBLASTOMA AND MELANOMA CELLS. Neuro-Oncology, 17(suppl 5), v76.4-v77. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov212.16

Purow, B. (2016). Repurposing existing agents as adjunct therapies for glioblastoma. NEURO-ONCOLOGY PRACTICE, 3(3), 154-163. doi:10.1093/nop/npv041

Purow, B. (2015). Molecular Pathways: Targeting Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in Cancer. CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH, 21(22), 5008-5012. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0413

Lee, E. Q., Kaley, T. J., Duda, D. G., Schiff, D., Lassman, A. B., Wong, E. T., . . . Wen, P. Y. (2015). A Multicenter, Phase II, Randomized, Noncomparative Clinical Trial of Radiation and Temozolomide with or without Vandetanib in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Patients. CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH, 21(16), 3610-3618. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3220

2014

Norden, A. D., Schiff, D., Ahluwalia, M. S., Lesser, G. J., Nayak, L., Lee, E. Q., . . . Wen, P. Y. (2015). Phase II trial of triple tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor nintedanib in recurrent high-grade gliomas. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 121(2), 297-302. doi:10.1007/s11060-014-1631-y

Kaley, T. J., Wen, P., Schiff, D., Ligon, K., Haider, S., Karimi, S., . . . Omura, A. (2015). Phase II trial of sunitinib for recurrent and progressive atypical and anaplastic meningioma. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 17(1), 116-121. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou148

Floyd, D., & Purow, B. (2014). Micro-masters of glioblastoma biology and therapy: increasingly recognized roles for microRNAs. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 16(5), 622-627. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou049

Zhang, Y., Kim, J., Mueller, A. C., Dey, B., Yang, Y., Lee, D. -H., . . . Abounader, R. (2014). Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases converge on microRNA-134 to control KRAS, STAT5B, and glioblastoma. CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION, 21(5), 720-734. doi:10.1038/cdd.2013.196

Kim, J., Zhang, Y., Skalski, M., Hayes, J., Kefas, B., Schiff, D., . . . Abounader, R. (2014). microRNA-148a Is a Prognostic oncomiR That Targets MIG6 to Regulate EGFR and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma. CANCER RESEARCH, 74(5), 1541-1553. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1449

Clarke, R. H., Moosa, S., Anzivino, M., Wang, Y., Floyd, D. H., Purow, B. W., & Lee, K. S. (2014). Sustained Radiosensitization of Hypoxic Glioma Cells after Oxygen Pretreatment in an Animal Model of Glioblastoma and In Vitro Models of Tumor Hypoxia. PLOS ONE, 9(10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111199

Floyd, D. H., Zhang, Y., Dey, B. K., Kefas, B., Breit, H., Marks, K., . . . Purow, B. W. (2014). Novel Anti-Apoptotic MicroRNAs 582-5p and 363 Promote Human Glioblastoma Stem Cell Survival via Direct Inhibition of Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and Bim. PLOS ONE, 9(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096239

2013

Kefas, B., Floyd, D. H., Comeau, L., Frisbee, A., Dominguez, C., diPierro, C. G., . . . Purow, B. (2013). A miR-297/hypoxia/DGK- axis regulating glioblastoma survival. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 15(12), 1652-1663. doi:10.1093/neuonc/not118

Schiff, D., & Purow, B. (2013). Neuro-oncology: Five new things.. Neurology. Clinical practice, 3(4), 326-333. doi:10.1212/cpj.0b013e3182a1ba35

Dominguez, C. L., Floyd, D. H., Xiao, A., Mullins, G. R., Kefas, B. A., Xin, W., . . . Purow, B. W. (2013). Diacylglycerol Kinase a Is a Critical Signaling Node and Novel Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma and Other Cancers. CANCER DISCOVERY, 3(7), 782-797. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0215

Zhang, Y., Farenholtz, K. E., Yang, Y., Guessous, F., diPierro, C. G., Calvert, V. S., . . . Abounader, R. (2013). Hepatocyte Growth Factor Sensitizes Brain Tumors to c-MET Kinase Inhibition. CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH, 19(6), 1433-1444. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2832

Guessous, F., Alvarado-Velez, M., Marcinkiewicz, L., Zhang, Y., Kim, J., Heister, S., . . . Abounader, R. (2013). Oncogenic effects of miR-10b in glioblastoma stem cells. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 112(2), 153-163. doi:10.1007/s11060-013-1047-0

2012

Floyd, D. H., Kefas, B., Seleverstov, O., Mykhaylyk, O., Dominguez, C., Comeau, L., . . . Purow, B. (2012). Alpha-secretase inhibition reduces human glioblastoma stem cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting Notch. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 14(10), 1215-1226. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos157

Jo, J., Schiff, D., & Purow, B. (2012). Angiogenic inhibition in high-grade gliomas: past, present and future. EXPERT REVIEW OF NEUROTHERAPEUTICS, 12(6), 733-747. doi:10.1586/ERN.12.53

Purow, B. (2012). NOTCH INHIBITION AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH TO CANCER THERAPY. NOTCH SIGNALING IN EMBRYOLOGY AND CANCER, 727, 305-319. Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/

Sun, J., Gong, X., Purow, B., & Zhao, Z. (2012). Uncovering MicroRNA and Transcription Factor Mediated Regulatory Networks in Glioblastoma. PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, 8(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002488

2011

Duex, J. E., Comeau, L., Sorkin, A., Purow, B., & Kefas, B. (2011). Usp18 Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor Expression and Cancer Cell Survival via MicroRNA-7. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 286(28), 25377-25386. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.222760

Purow, B., Alisanski, S., Putnam, G., & Ruderman, M. (2011). Spirituality and Pediatric Cancer. SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL, 104(4), 299-302. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182083f40

Sherman, J. H., Redpath, G. T., Redick, J. A., Purow, B. W., Laws, E. R., Jane, J. A. J., . . . Hussaini, I. M. (2011). A novel fixative for immunofluorescence staining of CD133-positive glioblastoma stem cells. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS, 198(1), 99-102. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.03.003

Duex, J. E., Kefas, B., Purow, B., & Sorkin, A. (2011). Inhibition of ubiquitin specific protease Usp18 reduces cancer cell proliferation by down regulating multiple proto-oncogenes including EGFR. CANCER RESEARCH, 71. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4691

Floyd, D. H., Kefas, B., Seleverstov, O., Dominguez, C., Comeau, L., & Purow, B. W. (2011). An alpha-secretase inhibitor decreases glioma stem cell growth by inhibiting the Notch pathway and LMW Cyclin E. CANCER RESEARCH, 71. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3316

2010

Purow, B. (2011). The elephant in the room: do microRNA-based therapies have a realistic chance of succeeding for brain tumors such as glioblastoma?. JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 103(3), 429-436. doi:10.1007/s11060-010-0449-5

Kefas, B., Comeau, L., Erdle, N., Montgomery, E., Amos, S., & Purow, B. (2010). Pyruvate kinase M2 is a target of the tumor-suppressive microRNA-326 and regulates the survival of glioma cells. NEURO-ONCOLOGY, 12(11), 1102-1112. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noq080

Guessous, F., Zhang, Y., Kofman, A., Catania, A., Li, Y., Schiff, D., . . . Abounader, R. (2010). microRNA-34a is tumor suppressive in brain tumors and glioma stem cells. CELL CYCLE, 9(6), 1031-1036. doi:10.4161/cc.9.6.10987

Purow, B. W., & Schiff, D. (2010). Glioblastoma Genetics: In Rapid Flux. DISCOVERY MEDICINE, 9(45), 125-131. Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/